Describe the following

Chapter $12$:

$1.$ Positioning Definition

$2.$ Positioning Steps

$3.$ Perceptual Maps

$4.$ Repositioning

Chapter $13$:

$1.$ Three Levels of a Product

$2.$ Classifications of Products

$3.$ Product Lines $$ Depth vs$.$ Breadth

$4.$ Brand Equity

$5.$ Brand Recognition

$6.$ Brand Ownership$/$Sponsorship Strategies $$ Manufacturers, Private Label, Licensing, Co$-$branding

$7.$ Brand Development Strategies

$8.$ Use of Packaging as a Marketing Tool

Chapter $14$:

$1.$ Product Innovation

a$.$ New to the market products

b$.$ Product line $$ line extensions

c$.$ Revamped product

$2.$ Diffusion & Steps in the Diffusion Process

$3.$ New Product Characteristics

$4.$ Stages of Consumer Adoption

$5.$ New Product Development Stages

$6.$ Product Life Cycle $$ Phases and Characteristics

Chapter $15$:

$1.$ Characteristics of Services

$2.$ Service Gaps Model

$3.$ Reasons for Service Failure

Chapter $16$:

$1.$ Importance of Pricing

$2.$ Defining Pricing Objectives

$3.$ Understanding why pricing is so difficult

$4.$ Price Elasticity of Demand

$5.$ Fixed and Variable Costs

$6.$ Break Even Value $/$ Analysis

$7.$ Pricing Strategies

a$.$ Markup

b$.$ Odd

c$.$ Prestige

d$.$ Bundling

e$.$ Skimming

f$.$ Penetration

g$.$ Variable Cost Pricing

h$.$ Product Line

i$.$ Captive Product

j$.$ Bundling

k$.$ Promotional

$8.$ Responding to Price Changes