Determine whether each of the errors listed below would make the value of the gas constant R a) Lower, b) higher, or c) cause no change. (Hint: Follow a complete set-up for the calculation of R to see the effect of each error.) Please try and explain how you get answers so I can understand!

a) Zn(s) contains contaminants that are insoluble in HCl solution.

b) Zinc(s) is contaminated with Al(s).

c) H2 gas is soluble in water.

d) Suppose you did not take into consideration the height of the water column inside the gas collecting tube, but assumed the pressure inside the gas collecting tube equaled the atmospheric pressure.

e) If the air bubbles are not expelled from the inverted gas collecting tube prior to the generation of H2(g).