Question: Determine whether this situation represents negative confounding or positive confounding. A group of researchers is investigating the relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of

Determine whether this situation represents negative confounding or positive confounding. A group of researchers is investigating the relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of developing heart disease. They conduct a prospective cohort study among 1000 individuals aged 40-60 years, tracking their coffee intake and monitoring their cardiovascular health over a 10-year period. After analyzing the data, they find a statistically significant association between high coffee consumption and increased risk of heart disease (RR =1.67). However, upon further examination, they realize that a significant proportion of the coffee drinkers are also heavy smokers, a well-established risk factor for heart disease (RR=2.05)

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