Direct exporting refers to

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offering the right to a trademark, patent, trade secret, or similarly valued items of intellectual property in return for a royalty or fee.

when a firm sells its domestically produced goods in a foreign country without intermediaries.

when a foreign country and a local firm invest together to create a local business.

contracting with a foreign firm to manufacture products according to certain specifications.

using additional parties when a firm sells its domestically produced goods in another country.