Discretionary Access Control $($DAC$),$ Mandatory Access Control $($MAC$),$ and Role$-$Based Access Control $($RBAC$)$ are common access control models that differ in their approaches to security management:

DAC gives resource owners control over permissions, making it more flexible but potentially less secure as users might inadvertently expose sensitive resources $($Twingate$,2021).$

MAC applies centralized policies based on security classifications, making it more secure but less flexible, as it relies on strict, non$-$discretionary rules $($Saylor Academy, $2023).$

RBAC assigns permissions based on roles, making it highly scalable and suited to large organizations, though it can become complex if not well$-$managed $($Twingate$,2021$; Saylor Academy, $2023).$