Discuss the foundational principles, such as process optimization, quality management, supply chain integration, and lean methodologies. Explore how theories like Total Quality Management $($TQM$),$ Six Sigma, Just$-$in$-$Time $($JIT$),$ and Theory of Constraints $($TOC$)$ shape operational strategies. Additionally, analyze the role of technology, globalization, and sustainability in modern operations theory. How do these theories address contemporary challenges like resource scarcity, environmental concerns, and the need for agility in responding to market dynamics? Provide examples illustrating the practical application of these theories in various industries."