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One influential theory in civil engineering is the Load and Resistance Factor Design $($LRFD$)$ theory. Developed to enhance structural safety, LRFD integrates statistical principles to determine the appropriate design loads and factors of safety. By considering uncertainties in material properties, construction methods, and loading conditions, LRFD allows for more precise and reliable designs, leading to structures that are both safe and economical. This theory revolutionized traditional design approaches by providing a systematic framework for assessing and mitigating risks in structural engineering projects.

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