Does all knowledge come from direct observation?

Question 1 options:

Yes, because all knowable things can be directly observed.

Yes, because only direct observation is trustworthy.

Yes, because it can only come from our own direct observations or those of others.

No, because some knowledge comes from reasoning.

No, because no knowledge comes from direct observation.

Question 2(1 point)

Which of the following could be known by direct observation?

Question 2 options:

why grass is green

what is on the kitchen table

when humans first arrived in the Americas

who built Stonehenge

where birds first evolved

Question 3(1 point)

A premise is:

Question 3 options:

the physical location where an argument takes place

the evidence in support of a conclusion

a belief about the future

knowledge about the future

an argument that fails to convince anyone

Question 4(1 point)

In logic, an argument is a:

Question 4 options:

list of premises that does not yet lead to any conclusion

set of premises along with a conclusion supported by them

verbal or written exchange in which two people disagree

verbal or written exchange in which two people tell each other that they are wrong

verbal or written exchange in which two people become angry

Question 5(1 point)

What is the difference between an argument and an explanation?

Question 5 options:

An argument requires two people, but an explanation only requires one.

An explanation is much longer than an argument.

An explanation provides much more detail about a situation than an argument.

An explanation is simply an argument that has been written out in paragraph form.

An argument reasons forward from premises to conclusion, but an explanation reasons backward from a fact to its cause.

Question 6(1 point)

Which of the following is an argument?

(I) I haven't seen my friend since she moved away.

(II) Since the first day of school, I have never been absent once.

Question 6 options:

there is not enough information to know

neither

both I and II

only I

only II

Question 7(1 point)

Which of the following is an argument?

Question 7 options:

Since the weather is nice, I will walk to work.

Since I am happy, I will do the little happy dance.

Since the beginning of my marriage, I have been happy.

Since the dagger has Arnold's fingerprints, he was the murderer.

Since Laverne's roommate left her, their show is canceled.

Question 8(1 point)

In argument diagrams, arrows are drawn:

Question 8 options:

between two premises

between two conclusions

beneath all individual propositions

from a conclusion to its premises

from premises to their conclusion

Question 9(1 point)

What is the premise of the following argument?

As a result of the fact that dogs are colorblind, your dog will not be able to distinguish the red bowl from the blue one.

Question 9 options:

dogs are colorblind

your dog will not be able to distinguish the red bowl from the blue one

the two bowls are red and blue

your dog will need to distinguish between two bowls

There is no conclusion, since this is not an argument at all.

Question 10(1 point)

What is the conclusion of the following argument?

For an object with mass to travel at the speed of light, an infinite amount of energy would be required, and in view of that fact, travel at the speed of light is impossible.

Question 10 options:

travel at the speed of light is impossible

an object with mass travels at the speed of light

an infinite amount of energy would be required

for an object with mass to travel at the speed of light, an infinite amount of energy would be required

There is no conclusion, since this is not an argument at all.

Question 11(1 point)

Independent premises:

Question 11 options:

each offer a separate line of support for a conclusion

are accepted by some listeners, but not others, depending on their beliefs

work together to make a single argument for a conclusion

are premises that may or may not be true

are premises for which we don't yet know the conclusion

Question 12(1 point)

Dependent premises:

Question 12 options:

each offer a separate line of support for a conclusion

are accepted by some listeners, but not others, depending on their beliefs

work together to make a single argument for a conclusion

are premises that may or may not be true

are premises for which we don't yet know the conclusion

Question 13(1 point)

For which argument below are the premises dependent?

Question 13 options:

Premises: It is hot outside. Lemons are on sale.

Conclusion: We should make lemonade.

Premises: Blanche can find a new boyfriend quickly. Rose didn't realize that she was dating Blanche's boyfriend.

Conclusion: Blanche should forgive Rose.

Premises: My car needs expensive repairs. My is too small.

Conclusion: I should replace my car.

Premises: Birds depend on worms for nutrition. Worms depend on soil for nutrition.

Conclusion: Birds depend on soil for nutrition.

Premises: Shooting stars are . Shooting stars are beautiful.

Conclusion: It would be good to see a shooting star.

Question 14(1 point)

For which argument below are the premises independent?

Question 14 options:

Premises: I need income. Income requires a job.

Conclusion: I need a job.

Premises: Learning a skill requires practice. Logic is a skill.

Conclusion: Learning logic requires practice.

Premises: A standard billiards set has 15 balls. This set has only 13 balls.

Conclusion: This billiards set is missing 2 balls.

Premises: The flu is spread by a virus. Washing your hands kills viruses.

Conclusion: Washing your hands helps to prevent the spread of the flu.

Premises: A humidifier would help my congestion. A humidifier would be good for my .

Conclusion: I should a humidifier.

Question 15(1 point)

A deductive argument is one in which:

Question 15 options:

there is no conclusion

there is only one premise

the truth of the premises is enough to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

the truth of the premises is not enough to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

something is proven false rather than proven true

Question 16(1 point)

An inductive argument is one in which:

Question 16 options:

there is no conclusion

there is only one premise

the truth of the premises is enough to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

the truth of the premises is not enough to guarantee the truth of the conclusion

something is proven false rather than proven true

Question 17(1 point)

Analogy is:

Question 17 options:

another word for analysis

arguing by telling a story instead of laying out premises

comparing two things to show how different they are

drawing a conclusion about one thing because of its similarity to something else

a system for diagramming arguments

Question 18(1 point)

Which of the following arguments is an analogy?

Question 18 options:

Because peanuts are like nuts, and nuts are high in protein, peanuts must be high in protein.

A dolphin is a type of whale, and all whales are mammals. So a dolphin is a mammal.

War leads to bloodshed, and bloodshed leads to human misery. Therefore war leads to human misery.

Because maggots can be used to clean wounds, maggots are medically useful.

Considering that two of my friends have betrayed me, no one can be trusted.

Question 19(1 point)

Generalization is:

Question 19 options:

interrupting while someone else is trying to explain an argument

arguing in a vague way without specifying what you mean

drawing a conclusion without any evidence to support it

applying a general rule to a particular case

drawing a conclusion about a class of things by observing a sample of the class

Question 20(1 point)

Which of the following arguments is a generalization?

Question 20 options:

Jennifer has many friends and she gets invited to a lot of parties, so she must be popular.

Closing the 5th Street parking garage will make it harder for customers to visit businesses downtown. So downtown businesses will suffer.

Friday was the deadline for registration, and no one signed up, so we will have to extend the registration deadline.

Bricks made in the traditional way are stronger than modern bricks, so there ought to be a market for bricks made in the traditional way.

The last three businesses in this building failed within three months of opening. So no business can succeed in this building.

Question 21(1 point)

Which of the following is a deductive argument?

Question 21 options:

A king is like everyone else, so he must put on his pants one leg at a time.

A marching band is like a symphony, and a symphony has a brass section. So a marching band must also have a brass section.

No day next week is a good day to schedule a meeting, and June 8 is next week, so June 8 is not a good day to schedule a meeting.

No one has ever successfully free-climbed this wall, so it cannot be done.

Three new recruits have disobeyed the sergeant's instructions and not been penalized. So the sergeant must never penalize anyone for anything.

Question 22(1 point)

Which of the following is an inductive argument?

Question 22 options:

All of the disease's victims had recently eaten strawberries from California, and they have nothing else in common. So something in the strawberries caused the disease.

The motive for the assault was either robbery or vengeance. But the motive was not robbery. So the motive must have been vengeance.

All water flows downhill and all rivers in Taiwan are water. Therefore, all rivers in Taiwan flow downhill.

Any driver convicted of three moving violations will have his or her license suspended. Roxanne has been convicted of three moving violations, so she will have her license suspended.

The Renaissance festival featured many different performers, some local and some from out of town. But everyone who attended had a wonderful time.

Question 23(1 point)

Which of the following premises provides the strongest support for the conclusion that Lionel is greedy?

Question 23 options:

Lionel is very rich.

Lionel only buys things when they are on sale.

Lionel doesn't get along with other people.

Lionel never makes a donation to the United Way.

Lionel took more than his fair share of the diamonds we found.

Question 24(1 point)

An argument is valid when:

Question 24 options:

most people would agree that it makes sense

it has at least two premises

it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false

all of its propositions are true

its conclusion is true

Question 25(1 point)

Which sorts of arguments can be valid?

Question 25 options:

all inductive, but only some deductive

only inductive

all deductive and all inductive

only deductive

all deductive, but only some inductive

Question 26(1 point)

If an argument is sound, this means that:

Question 26 options:

it is inductive

it is valid and its premises are true

it is strong and its premises are true

it is spoken, rather than written

its conclusion cannot be disproven