During $2023$ Max Stent, Inc., a start$-$up biomedical engineering firm, designed and patented a new drug$-$coated, bimetallic heart stent, which is a thin wire mesh tube inserted in clogged coronary arteries to prop them open and prevent future heart attacks. Max Stent received final approval on the new stent from the Food and Drug Administration $($FDA$)$ in December $2023,$ and then the firm promptly began producing and selling the stent on January $1,2024.$ Managers at Max Stent view calendar year $2024$ as a short$-$run period of production because they entered a year$-$long agreement on January $1,2024,$ to lease manufacturing equipment, and the lease contract locks the company into paying for the equipment until the end of $2024.$ Consider the following costs incurred by Max Stent, Inc. during $2024$:

Twelve monthly lease payments for manufacturing equipment used to produce stents.

Set$-$up costs to install the leased manufacturing equipment and train workers to operate this equipment.

Labor costs to operate the manufacturing equipment.

Costs of the high$-$grade stainless steel and titanium mesh and the drug used to coat the wire mesh stent.

Biomedical research and development costs attributable to designing the new heart stent.

Costs of running clinical trials to win FDA approval for the new stent.

Legal costs in $2023$ to patent the new stent.