During a pandemic like COVID$-19$ when certain categories of products such as tissues, disinfectants, cleaning supplies, and so on are in short supply, what is the most likely impact on long$-$term brand loyalty?

Neutral $-$ When supply chains are no longer disrupted, consumers will return to their preferred brand.

It's impossible to predict and none of the options above is more likely than another to occur.

Negative $-$ Consumers will be forced to use alternative brands and recognize that they perform equally well.

Positive $-$ Consumers will be worried about the quality of unknown substitutes and question their efficacy.