During a pandemic like COVID$-19$ when certain categories of products such as tissues, disinfectants, cleaning supplies, and so on are in short supply, what is the most likely impact on long$-$term brand loyalty?

It's impossible to predict and none of the options above is more likely than another to occur.

Positive $-$ Consumers will be worried about the quality of unknown substitutes and question their efficacy.

Negative $-$ Consumers will be forced to use alternative brands and recognize that they perform equally well.

Neutral $-$ When supply chains are no longer disrupted, consumers will return to their preferred brand.