(e) (Written Response) As you saw, the pnorm function computes the area to the left (when lower.tail =T) or to right (when lower.tail =F) of a given z-score. You simply enter the z-score, the mean, the standard deviation, and lower.tail indicator. The qnorm function is used to basically do the op- posite. It determines the z-score that has a specified area to its left (when lower.tail =T) or to its right (when lower.tail = F). So, in place of the z-score in the arguments, enter the area.