Each student will be required to conduct research and write a formal paper on a topic of their choosing related to a specific event, disaster, or catastrophe. The topic will be pre$-$approved by the instructor through previous assignments $($proposed topic and outline$)$ and will analyze the emergency management activities taken $($or not taken$).$ The research conducted for this paper will come from a wide range of sources, including but not limited to$,$ books $($biographies$,$ autobiographies, etc.$),$ news articles, scholarly journals, after$-$action reports, and interviews. At least four such sources shall be used and cited.