Environmental engineering encompasses various theoretical approaches to mitigate pollution and preserve natural ecosystems while meeting society's needs for water, air, and land resources. Consider a hypothetical case study where you're advising a municipal government on developing a comprehensive solid waste management plan for a rapidly growing urban area. Discuss the theoretical principles and methodologies you would apply to assess the city's waste generation patterns, evaluate potential disposal methods, and design sustainable waste management strategies that prioritize waste reduction, recycling, and resource recovery. Additionally, explore the theoretical frameworks for implementing waste$-$to$-$energy technologies and optimizing landfill design to minimize environmental impact and promote circular economy principles.