Ex post facto laws Multiple Choice Are constitutional if they serve a substantial governmental interest Are unconstitutional as they violate Article IV of the Constitution Are constitutional if they do not have a discriminatory purpose Are unconstitutional Marbury v. Madison Multiple Choice Stands for the proposition that the Constitution only applies to the federal government Declared that the U.S. Constitution was the supreme law of the land Established the theory of stare decisis Extended the Bill of Rights protections to the states Secondary sources of law, such as Restatements, Multiple Choice Requires that the executive branch approves it Have no independent authority or legally binding effect Are binding in all 50 states Ensure that the law is clear to all that read it