Examine the following passage.

Research indicates that multitasking in class has some surprisingly detrimental effects on student learning. One study, conducted at Massive State College, suggested that students who used their phone for non-class related activities scored one full grade below their peers on exams (Brown). Building on that finding, researchers at Little State College studied the effect of multitasking students on their non-multitasking peers. Interestingly, these non-multitasking students scored even worse on exams, averaging one and a half full grades worse than students in classes where no students were engaged in off-task multitasking (White). Given this research, I would argue that it is in all students' best interests for faculty to ask students to avoid multitasking during class.

In this passage, what is the best way of thinking about the purpose of the phrase "Given this research"?

. The writer is disagreeing with the research above and summarizing the research on the subject of multitasking in class.

. The writer is offering a personal opinion about how to address the issue of multitasking during class.

. The writer is offering an idea about multitasking informed by a synthesis of the research by White and Brown.

. The writer is arguing that faculty should ask students to avoid multitasking in class because it can improve students' academic achievement.