Exercise 13-2. Chapter 13 in the textbook discussed cross-tabulation as it relates to the analysis of two variables. Answer each of the following questions about why and how we might use a cross-tabulation for analysis. Cross-tabulations are for categorical data.

a. What are categorical data? How would you define a categorical variable?

b. Why would it be difficultif not impossibleto use a cross-tabulation to examine two variables that capture continuous data rather than categorical data?

c. When the categories of the independent variable are arrayed across the top of a cross-tabulation tablethat is, they are the column labelswhy is it essential that the column percentages equal 100?

d. For what purpose would you use gamma in analyzing data in a cross-tabulation?

e. How would you interpret a gamma value of 1? How would you interpret a gamma value of -1?

f. How much magnitude (the distance from 0) would you want to see in gamma before concluding that there is a strong relationship between the variables?