Explain how to do the following in R and statistics:

• Be able to convert x values into z scores, use z scores to find probabilities, use probabilities to find z scores, and convert z scores into x values using the z-score equations
• Interpret the statistical significance of z scores (+/- 1.96)
• Describe the pros and cons to the use of R for data analysis compared to other statistical analysis software
• Explain the differences between commands, objects, and functions
• Know how to write syntax to do the following in R
  • install and load packages
  • calculate new variables from existing ones
  • import various data files into R
• Know what makes a good graphic
• Know how the ggplot2 package is structured
• Know how to write syntax to create the following common graphs in R:
  • scatterplot
  • histogram
  • boxplot
  • bar chart