1. explain the Unitary Executive Theory.
2. explain the difference between an officer and a non-officer, and between a principal officer and inferior officer, including the manner in which they are appointed under the U.S. Constitution.
3. explain how courts determine when and why it is ever permissible for Congress to limit the power of the President to remove executive officers.
4. explain how courts determine when and why it is ever permissible for Congress to delegate judicial power to executive agencies.

5. explain the "substantial evidence" test applied when courts review fact-finding determinations made by executive agencies