Explore fundamental concepts like structural mechanics, material properties, and load distribution. Discuss the role of computer$-$aided design $($CAD$)$ software and finite element analysis $($FEA$)$ in simulating structural behavior. Explain the importance of codes and standards in guiding engineering practices and ensuring compliance with safety regulations. Additionally, analyze the impact of environmental factors, such as seismic activity and climate change, on structural performance and resilience. Illustrate with examples from bridge engineering, building construction, and infrastructure development, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of civil engineering.