a- The dimensions of the structural members needed for concreting are as follow: The minimum width...
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a- The dimensions of the structural members needed for concreting are as follow: The minimum width is 50 cm, - The minimum thickness is 30 cm, - The distance between the two closest bars is 22 mm, The minimum cover thickness is 25 mm. Choose the maximum aggregate size for the concrete. Determine at least three aggregates from the list given below for concrete production. Calculate the aggregate mixing proportions for a reference curve between A and B. b- The concreting is going to be made for precast concrete. Choose the proper workability for the fresh concrete (find from the reference books and standards, and mention your reference in the homework report). Design an experiment to measure the workability of the concrete. Mention the method you are going to use to measure the workability and give the aimed value planned to obtain with the chosen method. Explain the experiment. c- The building is going to be made in western part of Anatolia at sea side with a medium exposure condition. Choose the proper exposing conditions for this case by using the TS EN 206 Concrete Standard. Also determine the corresponding minimum requirements for the concrete mixture in the given environment by using the same standard. d- According to the structural project of the building the minimum grade of the concrete is given as C35. In order to find the relation between the strength of the concrete and water/cement ratio, what type of experiments should be designed by using the given materials (cement and aggregates)? In these experiments; - What will be the range of the water/cement ratio? - What type of molds should be used? - How many specimens should be taken for each batch of concrete? - At which conditions the specimens should be stored? - At which age the specimens should be tested? e- The average standard deviation of the ready-mixed concrete plant, in which the production is going to be made, is estimated as 1.5 MPa. Calculate the necessary concrete strength to obtain the mentioned grade of concrete (C35). By using the obtained relation in section (d), find the necessary water/cement ratio. By considering the workability of concrete (section b), environment exposing conditions (section c) and aggregate types and mixing proportions (section a), make the concrete design. f- When the cost of the aggregates is accepted as 1 unit/ton, the cost of the Portland cement is 5 unit/ton, a superplasticizer is 100 unit/ton, fly ash is 3 unit/ton and blast furnace slag is 4 unit/ton, find the optimum concrete mixture. Notes: The efficiencies of the fly ash and blast furnace slag used are 0.7 and 1.1, respectively. When the early-age strength of concrete is considered, the maximum allowable pozzolana content is given as 30% of the cement content in 1 m3 concrete. The content of superplasticiser is 1 % of the cement content. This amount of superplasticiser causes a 15% reduction in water content. MATERIALS Cement: CEM I PC 42.5 (sp. gravity: 3.1) Fly ash (sp. gravity: 2.2) Granulated blast furnace slag (sp. gravity: 2.9) Aggregates: Table 1. Aggregate gradings Passing, % Sp. Gravity Aggregate Sieve size, mm 0,25 0,50 1 2 4 8 16 22 31,5 Sand 22 29 65 74 93 96 100 100 100 2,66 C.S.1 1 5 52 100 100 100 2,73 C.S.2 35 100 100 2,74 C.S.3 20 60 100 2,72 Table 2. Water contents for different workability classes (without any admixture) Workability class Water content (kg/m³) Maximum aggregate size 16 mm 22 mm 31,5 mm Dry 170 160 150 Plastic 190 180 170 Flow 210 200 195 High flow 225 220 215 Table 3. Concrete test results Water/cement 28-day Compressive strength (N/mm²) Cubic specimens Cylindrical specimens 0.30 90 73.5 0.40 69.7 55.8 0.50 55.3 45.5 0.60 43.0 34.0 0.70 33.3 27.1 0.80 24.5 19.8 0.90 16.9 14.5 For the selection of the aggregates, cement content, w/c ratio and entrained air content (if necessary), please use the information and the table given below: Max aggregate size < 3/4 of the clear spacing between rebar or between rebar and forms (cover distance) <1/3 the depth of the slab < 1/5 the narrowest dimension of a member EXPOSURE CLASSES Class Description of the environment designation Informative examples where exposure classes may occur 1 No risk of corrosion or attack For concrete without reinforcement or embedded metal: all exposures except where there is freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical attack For concrete with reinforcement or embedded metal: very dry хо Concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity 2 Corrosion induced by carbonation XC1 Dry or permanently wet Wet, rarely dry Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity Concrete permanently submerged in water Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water XC2 contact Many foundations Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity External concrete sheltered from rain Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2 XC3 Moderate humidity XC4 Cyclic wet and dry 3 Corrosion induced by chlorides Moderate humidity Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides Swimming pools Concrete components exposed to industrial waters containing chlorides Parts of bridges exposed to spray containing chlorides Pavements Car park slabs XD1 XD2 Cyclic wet and dry XD3 4 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water Permanently submerged Tidal, splash and spray zones XS1 Structures near to or on the coast XS2 XS3 5. Freeze/Thaw Attack Parts of marine structures Parts of marine structures Moderate water saturation, without de-icing agent Moderate water saturation, with de-icing agent Vertical concrete surfaces of road structures XF1 Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing XF2 exposed to freezing and airborne de-icing agents Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing Road and bridge decks exposed to de-icing agents Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray containing de-icing agents and freezing Splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing XF3 High water saturation, without de-icing agents High water saturation with de-icing agents or sea water XF4 6. Chemical attack Slightly aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 Moderately aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 Highly aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 XA1 Natural soils and ground water XA2 Natural soils and ground water XA3 Natural soils and ground water Table F.1-Recommended limiting values for com position and propertios of concrute Exposure classes No sk of corro sion or attack Chorde-nduced corrosion Aggressive chemical environments Carbonation-induced corrosion Freezethaw attack Chorde other than from sea water Sea water XC 1 XC 2 XC 3 XC 4 XS 1 XS 2 XS 3 XD 1 XD2 XD 3 XF 1 XF 2 XF 3 XF 4 XA 1 XA 2 XA 3 Maximum 0.65 0.60 0,55 0,50 0,50 0,45 0,45 0,55 0.55 0,45 0,55 0,55 0,50 0,45 0,55 0,50 0,45 Minimum strength C12/15 c20/25 C2530 c30/37 C3037 C30/37 C3545 C3545 c3037 c30/37 c3545 c3037 C2530 c3037 c30/37c3037 c30/37 c3545 dass Minimum cement content (kgim) 260 280 280 300 300 320 340 300 300 320 300 300 320 340 300 320 360 Minimum air content (%) 4.0 4,0 4,0 Other require Aggregate in accordance with EN 12620 with suffident freezethaw resistance Sulfate resisting cement ments Where the concree is not ai etraned te perfomance of conaete todd be ed cordingan appropriate test method in comparison wiha conade bwhih freeaw resance for the retevart eposure dass in proven Where sutee in the emeronment ead to exponure classes XA2 and XAJ, essentune sutesistrg cement conforming to EN 197-1 or complementary national standarda Where the vn cononptapplied he maimumwle atio and the minmum cement content are moded in accordance wth 5252 a- The dimensions of the structural members needed for concreting are as follow: The minimum width is 50 cm, - The minimum thickness is 30 cm, - The distance between the two closest bars is 22 mm, The minimum cover thickness is 25 mm. Choose the maximum aggregate size for the concrete. Determine at least three aggregates from the list given below for concrete production. Calculate the aggregate mixing proportions for a reference curve between A and B. b- The concreting is going to be made for precast concrete. Choose the proper workability for the fresh concrete (find from the reference books and standards, and mention your reference in the homework report). Design an experiment to measure the workability of the concrete. Mention the method you are going to use to measure the workability and give the aimed value planned to obtain with the chosen method. Explain the experiment. c- The building is going to be made in western part of Anatolia at sea side with a medium exposure condition. Choose the proper exposing conditions for this case by using the TS EN 206 Concrete Standard. Also determine the corresponding minimum requirements for the concrete mixture in the given environment by using the same standard. d- According to the structural project of the building the minimum grade of the concrete is given as C35. In order to find the relation between the strength of the concrete and water/cement ratio, what type of experiments should be designed by using the given materials (cement and aggregates)? In these experiments; - What will be the range of the water/cement ratio? - What type of molds should be used? - How many specimens should be taken for each batch of concrete? - At which conditions the specimens should be stored? - At which age the specimens should be tested? e- The average standard deviation of the ready-mixed concrete plant, in which the production is going to be made, is estimated as 1.5 MPa. Calculate the necessary concrete strength to obtain the mentioned grade of concrete (C35). By using the obtained relation in section (d), find the necessary water/cement ratio. By considering the workability of concrete (section b), environment exposing conditions (section c) and aggregate types and mixing proportions (section a), make the concrete design. f- When the cost of the aggregates is accepted as 1 unit/ton, the cost of the Portland cement is 5 unit/ton, a superplasticizer is 100 unit/ton, fly ash is 3 unit/ton and blast furnace slag is 4 unit/ton, find the optimum concrete mixture. Notes: The efficiencies of the fly ash and blast furnace slag used are 0.7 and 1.1, respectively. When the early-age strength of concrete is considered, the maximum allowable pozzolana content is given as 30% of the cement content in 1 m3 concrete. The content of superplasticiser is 1 % of the cement content. This amount of superplasticiser causes a 15% reduction in water content. MATERIALS Cement: CEM I PC 42.5 (sp. gravity: 3.1) Fly ash (sp. gravity: 2.2) Granulated blast furnace slag (sp. gravity: 2.9) Aggregates: Table 1. Aggregate gradings Passing, % Sp. Gravity Aggregate Sieve size, mm 0,25 0,50 1 2 4 8 16 22 31,5 Sand 22 29 65 74 93 96 100 100 100 2,66 C.S.1 1 5 52 100 100 100 2,73 C.S.2 35 100 100 2,74 C.S.3 20 60 100 2,72 Table 2. Water contents for different workability classes (without any admixture) Workability class Water content (kg/m³) Maximum aggregate size 16 mm 22 mm 31,5 mm Dry 170 160 150 Plastic 190 180 170 Flow 210 200 195 High flow 225 220 215 Table 3. Concrete test results Water/cement 28-day Compressive strength (N/mm²) Cubic specimens Cylindrical specimens 0.30 90 73.5 0.40 69.7 55.8 0.50 55.3 45.5 0.60 43.0 34.0 0.70 33.3 27.1 0.80 24.5 19.8 0.90 16.9 14.5 For the selection of the aggregates, cement content, w/c ratio and entrained air content (if necessary), please use the information and the table given below: Max aggregate size < 3/4 of the clear spacing between rebar or between rebar and forms (cover distance) <1/3 the depth of the slab < 1/5 the narrowest dimension of a member EXPOSURE CLASSES Class Description of the environment designation Informative examples where exposure classes may occur 1 No risk of corrosion or attack For concrete without reinforcement or embedded metal: all exposures except where there is freeze/thaw, abrasion or chemical attack For concrete with reinforcement or embedded metal: very dry хо Concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity 2 Corrosion induced by carbonation XC1 Dry or permanently wet Wet, rarely dry Concrete inside buildings with low air humidity Concrete permanently submerged in water Concrete surfaces subject to long-term water XC2 contact Many foundations Concrete inside buildings with moderate or high air humidity External concrete sheltered from rain Concrete surfaces subject to water contact, not within exposure class XC2 XC3 Moderate humidity XC4 Cyclic wet and dry 3 Corrosion induced by chlorides Moderate humidity Wet, rarely dry Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides Swimming pools Concrete components exposed to industrial waters containing chlorides Parts of bridges exposed to spray containing chlorides Pavements Car park slabs XD1 XD2 Cyclic wet and dry XD3 4 Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water Exposed to airborne salt but not in direct contact with sea water Permanently submerged Tidal, splash and spray zones XS1 Structures near to or on the coast XS2 XS3 5. Freeze/Thaw Attack Parts of marine structures Parts of marine structures Moderate water saturation, without de-icing agent Moderate water saturation, with de-icing agent Vertical concrete surfaces of road structures XF1 Vertical concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing XF2 exposed to freezing and airborne de-icing agents Horizontal concrete surfaces exposed to rain and freezing Road and bridge decks exposed to de-icing agents Concrete surfaces exposed to direct spray containing de-icing agents and freezing Splash zone of marine structures exposed to freezing XF3 High water saturation, without de-icing agents High water saturation with de-icing agents or sea water XF4 6. Chemical attack Slightly aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 Moderately aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 Highly aggressive chemical environment according to EN 206, Table 2 XA1 Natural soils and ground water XA2 Natural soils and ground water XA3 Natural soils and ground water Table F.1-Recommended limiting values for com position and propertios of concrute Exposure classes No sk of corro sion or attack Chorde-nduced corrosion Aggressive chemical environments Carbonation-induced corrosion Freezethaw attack Chorde other than from sea water Sea water XC 1 XC 2 XC 3 XC 4 XS 1 XS 2 XS 3 XD 1 XD2 XD 3 XF 1 XF 2 XF 3 XF 4 XA 1 XA 2 XA 3 Maximum 0.65 0.60 0,55 0,50 0,50 0,45 0,45 0,55 0.55 0,45 0,55 0,55 0,50 0,45 0,55 0,50 0,45 Minimum strength C12/15 c20/25 C2530 c30/37 C3037 C30/37 C3545 C3545 c3037 c30/37 c3545 c3037 C2530 c3037 c30/37c3037 c30/37 c3545 dass Minimum cement content (kgim) 260 280 280 300 300 320 340 300 300 320 300 300 320 340 300 320 360 Minimum air content (%) 4.0 4,0 4,0 Other require Aggregate in accordance with EN 12620 with suffident freezethaw resistance Sulfate resisting cement ments Where the concree is not ai etraned te perfomance of conaete todd be ed cordingan appropriate test method in comparison wiha conade bwhih freeaw resance for the retevart eposure dass in proven Where sutee in the emeronment ead to exponure classes XA2 and XAJ, essentune sutesistrg cement conforming to EN 197-1 or complementary national standarda Where the vn cononptapplied he maimumwle atio and the minmum cement content are moded in accordance wth 5252
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Vector Mechanics for Engineers Statics and Dynamics
ISBN: 978-0073212227
8th Edition
Authors: Ferdinand Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., Elliot Eisenberg, William Clausen, David Mazurek, Phillip Cornwell
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