Five sophomores were given an English achievement test before and after receiving instruction in basic grammar. Their scores are given. At the 5% significance level, s it reasonable to conclude that future students would show higher scores after instruction?

Participant	Before	After
A	20	18
B	18	22
C	17	15
D	16	17
E	12	9

SS = 33.20, Sample mean = -0.40

Difference score = After - Before

What is the null hypothesis?

a. Test scores will be higher after the instruction compared to before

b. Test scores will be different after the instruction compared to before

c. Test scores will be the same before and after the instruction

d. Test scores will be lower after the instruction compared to before

What is the research hypothesis?

a. Test scores will be higher after the instruction compared to before

b. Test scores will be different after the instruction compared to before

c. Test scores will be the same before and after the instruction

d. Test scores will be lower after the instruction compared to before

Provide an interpretation of your findings and the report of the statistics for this hypothesis test.