Follow the Instructions in the attached file (Paraphrasing Instructions) as well as look at the Example document (Paraphrasing Examples) provided

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 1A RESEARCH REPORT 1 PART 5: PARAPHRASING This assignment will focus on paraphrasing. It is essential to develop the skill to correctly paraphrase. When compling documents it is very important that when existing content is being used a correct way of paraphrasing is used. In addition remember that when existing content is used a corresponding reference to the original content must be included. For this assignment you are given some samples of paraphrasing (see attached file Paraphrasing_Examples.pdf). Study this document to get an understanding of what is required for paraphrasing. In addition you will be given two paragraphs that must be paraphrases. Defining paraphrasing: - your own restatement of the essential information andior ideas expressed by someone else - a legitimate way to borrow from a source (must be referenced) - a more detailed than a summary, but focuses on a single main idea. 6 Steps for paraphrasing 1. Read and reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. 2. Now without looking at the original write your paraphrase. 3. Remember that you can use synonyms and variants for certain words. 4. Check your version with the original passage and make sure that your version is an accurate expression of all the relevant and essential information. 5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term that you have borrowed exactly from the source. 6. Very important, reference the source. 1) INSTRUCTIONS 1) Study the attached document (Paraphrasing_Examples.pdf) to get an understanding of paraphrasing. 2) Open a new MS Word file and save the blank file using your student number and sumame e.g. 200900345_Arthur.docx. 3) Now paraphrase the two paragraphs below in the new file created. 4) Save your file and submit it into Ulink. Paragraph 1: Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348. Paragraph 2: While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500 -story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial (May 1990): 15. 2) OUTPUTS For this assignment you must upload and submit an MS Word file (saved as your student number and surname) containing two paraphrased paragraphs. Marks will be deducted if the filename does not include your student number and surname. PARAPHRASING EXAMPLES Following are four examples of paraphrasing. For each there is the original passage and a potentia paraphrased passage. EXAMPLE 1: The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers, 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. Potential paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, faling to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking. it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). EXAMPLE2: The oriqinal passage: "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and if exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings belp to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fraglity of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (Mlay 1990):17. Potential paraphrase: According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteav" 17). The original passage: The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men Iike Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong. and Count Basie became the herces of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, pethaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. Potential paraphrase: During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many tumed away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the ant-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "Tappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25). EXAMPLE 4: The original passage: "Because the intracellular concentration of potassium ions is relatively high, potassium ions tend to diffuse out of the cell. This movement is driven by the concentration gradient for potassium ions. Similarly, the concentration gradient for sodium ions tends to promote their movement into the col. However, the cel membrane is significantly more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium lions. As a result, potassium ions diffuse out of the cell faster than sodium ions enter the cyloplasm. The cell therefore experiences a net loss of positive charges, and as a result the interior of the cell membrane contains an excess of negative charges, primarily from negatively charged proteins." (Martini \& Bartholomew, 1997, p. 204). Potential paraphrase: A textoook of anatomy and physiology(Martini \& Bartholomew, 1997, p. 204) reports that the concentration of potassium ions inside of the cell is relatively high and, consequently, some potassium tends to escape out of the ceil. Just the opposite occurs with sodum ions. Their concentration outside of the cell causes sodium ions to cross the membrane into the cell, but they do so at a slower rate. According to these authors, this is because the permeability of the cell membrane is such that it favors the movement of potassium relative to sodium ions. Because the rate of crossing for potassium ions that exit the cell is higher than that for sodium ions that enter the cell, the inside portion of the cell is left with an overfoad of negatively charged particles, namely, proteins that contain a negative charge