For each effect (2 main effects and the interaction):

1. State whether the effect is significant: yes or no
2. Describe the nature of the effect

Study #1

A researcher is interested in the effects of gender and intelligence on conversational style. Half of the participants were male and half were female. Within each gender, half had high IQ scores and half had low IQ scores. The dependent variable was the number of times the participant interrupted a confederate during a 10-minute conversation. These are the findings:

Gender	Low IQ	High IQ
Male	8	8
Female	5	5

Study #2

A researcher was interested in the relation of gender and assertiveness to perceived "conventionality". Participants in an experiment watched videotapes of actors interacting with a job supervisor, then rated the actor's conventionality on a scale of 1 to 10, where 10 indicates very conventional and 1 indicates very unconventional. The independent variables in the study were (a) gender of the actor and (b) behavior toward the supervisor (assertive or submissive). Here are the results:

	Assertive	Submissive
Male Actor	7.5	6.0
Female Actor	6.0	7.5

Study #3

A psychologist was interested in the effects of meaningfulness and amount of material on memory. Participants took part in an experiment in which they learned lists of meaningful or meaningless words. The independent variables were (a) list length (short or long) and (b) type of material (meaningful or meaningless). The dependent variable was the percentage of words recalled after one week. (Note possible floor effect) These are the findings:

	Short List	Long List
Meaningful	60	5
Meaningless	35	0

Study #4

An experimenter examined the effects of familiarity and display clarity on the ability to recognize words. Participants viewed one hundred words, presented on a slide projector, and read them aloud as quickly as possible. The first twenty five words were familiar words and were presented in focus. The second twenty five were unfamiliar and presented in focus. The third twenty five were familiar and out of focus. The final twenty five were unfamiliar and out of focus. The dependent variable was reaction time in milliseconds. Here are the findings:

	Familiar	UnFamiliar
Clear	500	560
Fuzzy	620	950

Study #5

A researcher wanted to study the influence of various breakfast foods on participants' ability to concentrate. Half of the participants were given regular coffee, and half were given decaf coffee. In addition to this "caffeine IV" the researcher randomly assigned each participant to one of three levels of a "breakfast food IV". One-third of the participants ate no breakfast, one third ate a small breakfast (a donut), and one third ate a large breakfast (bowl of cereal, some fruit, and toast). The dependent variable was the score on a concentration test that ranged from 1 to 100 (with 100 being a perfect score). Here are the findings:

	None	Small	Large
No Caffeine	20	20	80
Caffeine	45	55	80