For each of the following Python programs P and input strings I, give

the output P$($I$),$ using the formal definition of P$($I$)$ given in section $2\mathrm{.}5,$ and

employing any reasonable reference computer C:

$($a$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return x$[-2],$

I $=$abcdefgh$$

$($b$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return x$+5,$

I $=43$

$($c$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: while True: x$=7$ return x$$

$($note that $$x$=7$ is indented here but $$return$$ is not$),$

I $=$CAGGT$$

$($d$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return x$[3$:$7],$

I $=$abcdefghij$$

$($e$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return x$[3$:$7],$

I $=$ab$$

$($f$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return str$($len$($x$+$x$+\text{'}$x$\text{'})),$

I $=$GAGAT$$

$($g$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return str$($len$($x$)),$

I $=$ P

$($h$)$ P $=$def f$($x$)$: return str$(1/$int$($x$)),$

I $=0$

$($i$)$ P $=$def f$($x$,$y$)$: return x$[-1]+$y$[-1],$

I$1=$abc$,$ I$2=$xyz$($give P$($I$1,$ I$2)$ for this question$)$