for the base case in this section as a percentage of sales, COGS=69 percent, SGA=14 percent, R&D=2.5 percent. Depreciation, interest expense are fixed as stated. Tax rate is 20 percent. Given the following case, calculate the independenat effects of a 1 percent increase in gross profit margin, a 1 percent decrease in the TaxRate, and a 5 percent increase in Sales

Total costs and expenses \begin{tabular}{r|r|rl} $1,964 & $ & $ & $ \end{tabular} Operating Income 146 Interest expense 39 Earnings before Income Taxes $107$ $ $ Provision for Income Taxes 21 Net Income $86$ $ $ Total costs and expenses \begin{tabular}{r|r|rl} $1,964 & $ & $ & $ \end{tabular} Operating Income 146 Interest expense 39 Earnings before Income Taxes $107$ $ $ Provision for Income Taxes 21 Net Income $86$ $ $