For the items below, indicate what type of t test is called for: a one-sample t test, an independent samples t test, or a repeated measures t test.

a.Motivation scores are measured for a sample of students before and after Spring Break.

b.University freshmen in the state of Minnesota have a mean score of 65 on a math test. A teacher has developed a new technique for teaching math and a sample of high school graduates completes the program over the summer. Before beginning their university studies, they are administered the math test to see if students who completed the program score higher than the state average.

c.The average number of times that females contribute to class discussions over the course of a semester is compared to the average number of times that males contribute.

d.The national average on a measure of Need for Achievement is 50. An Olympic coach believes that athletes training for the Olympics would score higher on this trait and so she administers the test to her trainees to compare.

e.A psychologist used the smile/frown technique to study the facial feedback hypothesis which proposes that feedback from the skeletal muscles in our face influences our emotional experience. The psychologist asked one group to rate the funniness of a packet of cartoons while holding a pencil between their teeth without touching their lips (as if to smile). Another group rated the same packet of cartoons while holding the pencil between their lips without touching their teeth (as if to frown).

f. An optimism test is given to military personnel upon their enlistment and then again at the end of their military service