For the second part, you are implementing a function to apply an affine transformation algorithm to the input image. Such transformation is described using a 2x3 transform matrix (M) that maps pixels at the input image to different coordinates in the output image. Affine transformations Links to an external site. have the property that they map parallel lines in input image to parallel lines in output image. By changing the transformation matrix, the affine transformations could become rotation, scale, shear, and so on. NOTE: the elements of transformation matrices are in integers (words)