Formal systems are the officially recognized and documented procedures, rules, and structures within an organization. They are typically established by management and are designed to ensure consistency, efficiency, and compliance. These systems are often documented in manuals, policies, and procedural guides. They are usually rigid and have clear lines of authority and responsibility. On the other hand, informal systems are the unofficial, often undocumented ways in which an organization operates. These systems develop organically over time due to various factors such as inadequacies in formal procedures, individual work habits and preferences, and resistance to control. Informal systems can include things like unwritten rules, norms, and social networks within the organization