FROM :Syed Mohammed Jibran Risk Engineering, Hazards. Introduction I am a risk management engineer with over 5 years of experience in the field. I specialise in occupational hazards management to ensure the safety of employees in a workplace. Currently, I\'m working with Mcdonalds\' in their product line in the capacity of a risk manager to oversee all safety procedures are in place and have zero occupational hazards. In my career, I have been awarded several awards including Risk manager of the year in the year 2019 and the Risk management Champion award in the same year. I have also been instrumental in tendering my contribution to the development of the Risk Management Manual for Companies in the year 2021. ASSIGNMENT 1A

• Identify at least 10 types of Hazards that are to be found in your workplace.
• Describe how the Hazard manifests
• Identify engineering and other control measures for the hazards.

Hazards in a workplace. Here, we will focus on hazards that are found in the workplace. A hazard is a potential source of harm that may result in an accident, (Gheorghe & Mock, 1999). Hazards that are most common in a workplace, their manifestation and control measures are tabled below.

Hazard	Manifestation of the Hazard	Control measures
Hazardous Chemicals	Heavy metals. Acids. Caustic substances Petroleum products Solvents.	Putting chemicals in well-labelled containers. Handling chemicals with the right equipment. Storing chemicals properly and out of reach to avoid spillage.
Ladders	Cause falls Break causing bodily harm.	Proper handling by placing ladders on firm ground and walls. Frequent maintenance to detect faulty ladders.
Scaffolding	Planks giving way. Planks breaking leading to falls Negligence	Use of strong planks Placing work tools in their right places. Putting appropriate weight on planks.
Vehicle accidents	By industrial trucks By golf carts	Carrying routine mechanical maintenance. Having very competent drivers. Avoiding overloading.
Respiratory hazards	Insufficient oxygen Unhealthy breathing environment Vapour gases Dust	Proper aeration of the workplace. Putting on gas masks in a dusty environment. Proper ventilation
Electrical wires	Electrocution Fires	Insulate naked wires Ensure the right voltage is used Avoid overloading of sockets. Handle electricity devices properly.
Machinery malfunction	Unexpected startup Hard start up Machinery breaks down	Frequent maintenance to detect the fault. Handling of machines by well-trained personnel. Use of machines for the specified purpose only.
Falling objects	Falling debris from construction sites Falling objects from shelves and higher floors.	Putting on safety helmets and other gear. Placing working tools in their right places. Putting protective fences around construction sites.
Slippery /wet floors	Slips Falls	Labelling slippery floors Keeping slippery floor dry.
Poor housekeeping	Objects on the ground cause fall. Objects in the doorways including wires and cords result in trips, bruises and lacerations.	Placing tools and objects in their right place. Cleaning the working area after use.

ASSIGNMENT 1B Energy Systems Energy Systems (ES) are made up of Energy Generation Unit (EGU), which generates energy using fuel from inside, Energy Control Unit (ECU), which controls energy generated according to requirements and an Energy Transport Unit (ETU), which transports energy to distribution networks. In the event of an Energy System failure, the tabulated potential financial risks may occur.

What can go wrong	Frequency of the event happening	The potential effect	The financial consequence is $ per incidence.
EGU generates too little power	1 time a year	Does not satisfy customer requirements	$5,000.
EGU generates too much power to be controlled by ECU	0.005/year	System damage is caused by an explosion due to accumulated energy.	$1,000,000
EGU generates no power.	1 time a year	No power to customers	$1,000,000
ECU fails to control power output accurately	2times/year	Does not satisfy customer requirements	$5,000
ECU has malfunctioned and released unstable power	1time/year	Does not satisfy customer requirements.	$7,000
ECU completely loses control	0.001 times/year	System damage and possible casualties. Catastrophic failure.	$10,000,000
ETU fails to transport energy to the network. Pollution is released into the environment instead.	0.02 times/year	Environmental impact.	$500,000
Complete loss to ETU	0.005 times/year	System damage is caused by an explosion due to accumulated energy.	$1,000,000
ETU transports too much power to the network	0.002times /year	System damage due to accumulated energy.	$1,500,000

Fault tree diagram for the Energy System failure modes. EGU failure mode Cost of EGU failure per year =$1,005,000.00 ECU failure mode. Cost of ECU failure per year = $10,005,000.00 ETU failure mode. Cost of ETU failure per year =$1,500,000.00 The total cost of the Energy System per year=$12,510,000.00 ASSIGNMENT 1(c)

2. In your opinion, what degree of safety risk is acceptable and why?

An important part of risk assessment is it determines the probability of occurrence of a risk. Ultimately, those who miss assess the likelihood of a risk occurring miss a significant opportunity to avoid unnecessary loss of value. Most corporations use the subsequent 5 classes to decide the probability of a risk event:

• Most likely. Risks in the \"very likely\" category are almost certain to occur. Risks with a probability of 91% or higher usually fall into this category
• Possible. Potential risks occur about half the time. It occurs 41-60% of the time and should be noted.
• Unlikely. Risks in the unlikely category have a relatively low probability of occurrence, between 11% and 40%. However, it can still affect your business, so caution is advised.
• Very unlikely. A very low probability risk is exactly what it sounds like, less than 10% of the time.

If the residual danger for a project or operation cannot be zero, for what danger degree does one strive? Experts will seek to achieve a practical and economically acceptable level of risk using available resources to achieve the greatest benefit to society, workers, employers and product users. Need to offer advice. In my opinion. The unlikely category is acceptable since hazard precedence scoring systems, even though extensively used (or even required in lots of modern policies and standards), forget about critical records approximating correlations amongst risks. This record generally includes noting common factors throughout more than one target (e.g., common vulnerabilities). These common vulnerabilities set off common or strongly definitely correlated, uncertainties decreasing the effectiveness of various hazard-decreasing measures.\" Acceptable risk is the level of potential losses that a society or community considers acceptable given existing social, economic, political, cultural, technical and environmental conditions. In engineering terms, the acceptable risk is also used to assess and define the structural and non-structural measures that are needed to reduce possible harm to people, property, services and systems to a chosen tolerated level, according to codes or accepted practice; which are based on known probabilities of hazards and other factors\" https://inee.org/eie-glossary/acceptable-risk With this argument considering any higher level does not eliminate the chance of an accident occurring and speaks to the concept of designing and operating for risk levels as low as reasonably practicable, (Gheorghe & Mock, 2012).

2. Give your understanding and opinion on the validity of the idea of keeping risk ALARP

Application of the ALARP principle can be interpreted as meeting the requirement to keep the level of risk \"as low as possible\" if the ALARP assessment is fully documented. ALARP stands for as low as reasonably practicable\" Practitioners must calculate the amount of risk and whether they are willing to sacrifice the necessary measures to avoid the risk. Fundamentally making sure a risk has been reduced ALARP is about weighing the risk against the sacrifice needed to further reduce it. To avoid this sacrifice, the obligated entity must be able to demonstrate that it is significantly disproportionate to the risk reduction benefits achieved. HSE Principles for Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) in Support of ALARP Decisions, http://www.hse.gov.uk/risk/theory/alarpcba.htm. The triangle represents decreasing risk and proportionately decreasing profit as risk decreases. The ALARP precept may be used to outline units of threat tolerance criteria a minimal requirement and a goal value. Between the 2 units of criteria, the variety of risks is tolerable. The residual risk ought to fall both withinside the extensively tolerable region, or close to the lowest of the tolerable region A key principle in achieving tolerable risk is \" reducing risks as low as reasonably practicable \" (ALARP). The following factors are commonly taken into account in making a judgment on whether risks are ALARP: the level of risk in relation to the tolerable risk limits; the disproportion between the cost (money, time, trouble and effort) of implementing the risk-reduction measures and the subsequent risk reduction achieved; the cost-effectiveness of the risk-reduction measures; compliance with well established practice; and societal concerns as revealed by consultation with the community and stake holders, (Thompson & Perry, 1992). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/316282213_What_is_ALARP_and_how_can_it_improve_dam_safety_decisions In practice, many of the risk and control decisions that ALARP accomplishes are less obvious. Factors such as running costs and remote odds for one-off events, or cost per day and monitoring time come into play. There is no simple formula for calculating what ALARP is deciding whether the risks are ALARP involves a comparison between the control measures a duty-holder has in place or is proposing and the measures we would normally expect to see in such circumstances i.e. relevant good practice

2. What is your understanding of the SFAIRP principle? Is there any difference between ALARP and SFAIRP?

\"SFAIRP\" is short for \"so far as is reasonably practicable\" ALARP and SFAIRP typically mean the same thing and at their core is the concept of \"reasonably practicable\"; this involves weighing a risk against the trouble, time and money needed to manage it.

You may come across it as SFAIRP (so far as is reasonably practicable) or ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable). SFAIRP is the term most often used in the Health and Safety at Work etc Act and in Regulations. ALARP is the term used by risk specialists, and duty-holders are more likely to know it https://r2a.com.au/sfairp-not-equivalent-to-alarp/, (Wang & Roush, 2000). ASSIGNMENT 1(D) The following scenario is for a nuclear power plant system. The Initiating Event (IE) for the Event Tree is a pipe break in the cooling sub-system that begins the scenario, with a frequency of once every thousand years. The barriers that are relevant (in the sequence they will be activated) are as below: 1. Electricity: The probability of electricity being available is 99 out of hundred times. 2. Emergency Core Cooling: The likelihood of Emergency Core Cooling being available is 0.85. 3. Fission Product Removal: The chance of Fission Product Removal failure is 10% of the time. 4. Containment: The probability of Containment failure is 1 out of ten times. You are required to: Calculate the probability for a Large & Very Large Fission Release, Calculate the probability for a Medium Fission Release Calculate the probability for a Small & Very Small Fission Release Very small 0.990.850.90.9=0.6816=68.16% Small 0.990.850.90.1=0.0753=7.53% Medium 0.990.850.10.1=0.0084+8.4% Large 0.990.150.9=0.1337=13.37% Very large 0.990.150.1=0.01485=1.485% ASSIGNMENT 1(E) The causes of a Vehicle headlamp to fail (No Light) are as below: Either there is No Power; or Lamp Failure = 1.00E-04/hr; or Switch Failure = 1.00E-03/hr. If either Battery Fails = 1.00E-04/hr or Contact Fails = 1.00E-04/hr, then there would be No Power 1. Draw A Fault Tree for the No Light as the Top Event. 2. Calculate the likelihood of the top even happening per hour 1 2 [(1E-4) *(1E-4)]/hr=(1E-8)/hr [(1E-4) *(1E-3)]/hr= (1E-7)/hr References Gheorghe,A., & Mock,R. (1999).Risk engineering: Bridging risk analysis with stakeholders\' values. Springer Science & Business Media. Gheorghe,A., & Mock,R. (2012).Risk engineering: Bridging risk analysis with stakeholders\' values. Springer Science & Business Media. Thompson,P.A., & Perry,J.G. (1992).Engineering construction risks: A guide to project risk analysis and assessment implications fo=