Generally, three procedures are effective in identifying breakdowns in internal controls due to override and collusion: journal entries recording in the books and records, as well as other adjustments to financial information should be examined for proper back$-$up document; significant accounting estimates needs to be reviewed; and $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.$

Care should be taken by the board to ensure that the external auditor is indeed, independent in fact, and in appearance

A properly functioning board$-$operated audit committee which has the ability to independently investigate anomalies should be established

A robust whistleblower mechanism should be implemented and its existence widely published throughout the organization

Unusual $$one$-$time$$ transactions should be scrutinized to ensure they have an appropriate underlying business rationale