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Overview of Studies

This research examines how the gender-inclusiveness of organizational and educational STEM contexts affects women's and men's use of different leadership approaches, focusing on dominant leadership. To this end, we compared people's leadership approaches in an equity-inclusion-oriented (EDI) versus a competitive-meritocracy-oriented (CM) environment. Examining further consequences of the culture, this work also examined whether a competitive-meritocratic more than an equity-inclusive culture constrains women's career aspirations, that is, widens the gap between their desired career advancement and the career advancement they think will be possible.

To test our hypotheses, this manuscript presents three preregistered experimental studies with STEM employees (Studies 1a, 1b, 2) and one correlational field study with engineering university students (Study 3).Studies 1a and 1b investigated whether in a competitive-meritocratic culture, women feel a greater need to lead with dominance, whereas in an equity-inclusive culture, this need is relaxed.Study 2 aimed at extending these effects of culture on women's and men's use of dominance by using a behavioral measure. Participants recorded a video of themselves in a more realistic workplace situation, which were then coded for dominant, prestige, and relational leadership behaviors. This study further provided an explicit test of the underlying mechanism that drives the effect of culture on leadership behavior and career constraints, by examining the role of perceived masculine defaults. Finally,Study 3 examined whether anequity-inclusive cultureallows female and male engineering students to use less dominant leadership approaches when working in project teams over the course of a year. We further explored students' use of prestige leadership approaches andhow culture affects whether students share control over technical tasks with others in their team.Add grades.

Across all studies, we report all participants, measures, and conditions. All verbatim scale items used in the present research can be found in the Supplemental Materials. All data and analysis code are available at OSF (https://osf.io/4nvf8/?view_only=caf17b3c2f524b93 ad03605f89f27331). The experimental studies 1a, 1b, and 2 were preregistered on OSF. This manuscript includes results for the preregistered primary hypotheses, whereas results for secondary hypotheses are reported in the Supplemental Material. In Study 3, we tested our hypotheses without preregistering them, to examine whether the effects found hold in a naturalistic setting. The present research was approved by the institutional review board at the lead author's university (for the experiments) and the second author's university (for the field study).