Good day. Can someone help me formulate multiple choice questions out of these topics for at least a 1-50 items? Moreover, please provide me with your answer.

CORRECTION ADMINISTRATION

(INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTION)

CORRECTION - A branch of the Criminal Justice System

concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation

of criminal offenders.

Correction came from the root word "CORRECT"

which mean "to right a wrong.

CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION - the study and practice

of a system management of jails or prisons and other

institution concerned with the custody, treatment and

rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

PENOLOGY - is the study of punishment of crime or of

criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and

prev ention of crime through punishment of criminal

offenders.

The term deriv ed from the Latin word "poena"

which means "Punishment" pain or suffering.

Penology is otherwise known as Penal Science.

(Classical Doctrine Influence)

PENAL MANAGEMENT - refers to the manner or practice of

managing or controlling places of confinement as jails or

prisons.

Functions of Corrections (MPRD)

Maintenance of Institution

Protection of law-abiding members of society

Reformation and Rehabilitation of offenders

Deterrence of Crimes

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM

Code of Hammurabi

The Law of the Talion (Lex Taliones) of the principle

of "tit for tat" ("eye for an eye" or tooth for a

tooth") is one of the principle that can be viewed

from most of the prov isions of the code of

Hammurabi especially on sections inv olving

punishments are either death or mutilation.

Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the

eighteenth century BC, is recognized as the first

codifier of laws

It prov ides the first comprehensive view of the laws

in the early days

The Code was carved in stone

Under the principle of the law of talion, the

punishment should be the same as the harm

inflicted on the v ictim

Highlights of the Code of Hammurabi:

a) compensation to the v ictim of a robbery by the

authorities of the city in which the robbery

occurred if the thief was not caught

b) the killer is answerable not to the family of the

v ictim but to the king

c) death was the penalty for robbery, theft, false

witness, building a house that falls on its owner (if

the house should collapse and kill the owner's son,

the son of the builder would be the one executed)

d) a son who struck his father would suffer the

amputation of a hand

e) if in an assault a v ictim's bone was broken, the

same bone of the assailant would be broken

The Hittites

About two centuries after the Hammurabi, the

Hittites flourished ev en though part of their codes

was discov ered, few of its prov isions are

deciphered. What was observed in the code of

the Hittites is a great Importance of morality. It only

shows that ev en during the ancient time, v alues

are greatly different from one group to other.

Highlights of the laws of the Hittites:

o

capital punishment was used for many offenses,

except for homicide or robbery

o

rape, sexual intercourse with animals, defiance of

the authority and sorcery were all punishable by

death

o

the law of homicide prov ided for the restitution to

the v ictim's heirs

o

law enforcement and judicial functions were

placed in the hands of commanders of military

garrisons

The Religious Codes

The book of Deuteronomy, the fifth book in the

Bible, contains the basis of the Jewish laws; one of

the most prev ailing theories is that of the Ten (10)

Commandments found in Chapter XII and XXVII.

This is a form of cov enant between God and the

people of Israel, giv en to Mosses on the mountain

top (Mt. Sinai).

The counter part of this in the Islamic countries is

the book of Koran, which has so much in parallel

to the Christian and Jewish culture. Although it will

be observ e that the Koran is more specific on

three kinds of offenses: Homicide, theft and

adultery. The Koran is of div ine origin and it is said

to hav e been giv en by Allah to Prophet

Mohammed.

The Greek

The Code of Drakon "ULTIMATE SEVERITY" and the

Solon are the two of the most famous codes of

Greek at about sev enteenth century B.C. The

Drakon comes first and later repealed by the

Solon code except for some offenses still the

principle of Talion was carried in these codes.

Highlights of the Code of Drakon:

o

death was the punishment for almost ev ery

offense

o

murderers might av oid execution by going into

exile; if they return to Athens, it was not a crime to

kill the

o

death penalty was administered with great

brutality

LAWS OF SOLON

Solon was appointed archon and was given

legislativ e powers

Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of Drakon,

except the law on homicide

Solon was one of the first to see that a lawgiver

had to make laws that applied equally to all

citizens and also saw that the law of punishment

had to maintain proportionality to the crimes

committed

Highlights of the Laws of Solon:

o

the thief was required to return stolen property

and pay the victim a sum equal to twice its v alue

o

for the crime of temple robbery, the penalty was

death

o

for rape of a woman, the penalty was a fine of

certain amount

Rome and the Criminal law (the twelve tables)

Other codes, the Roman law has the longest

influenced ov er many criminal laws, it begins with

the Twelv e Tables of Wood, prepared in 451-450

B.C.

Presentation of the earliest Roman Codified laws,

until it is largely incorporated into the Justinian

Code finished in 529 and was revised in the next

four (4) decades. Most of the English common law

and Western World legal codes were said to have

been deriv ed from it.

Roman law began with the Twelve Tables which

were written in the middle of the sixth century BC

the Twelv e Tables were the foundation of all laws

in Rome and written in tablets of bronze

the Twelve Tables were drafted by the Decemvirs,

a body of men composed of patricians

Highlights of the Twelve Tables:

o if a man break another's limb and does not

compensate the injury, he shall be liable to

retaliation

o a person who committed arson of a house or a stack

of corn shall be burned alive

o judges who accepted bribes as well as those who

bribed them were subject to execution

o any act of treason was punishable by crucifixion

The Punishment in the Middle Age to the Criminal Law and

Deterrence.

After the fall of Rome in the fifth century A.D. - To the

beginning of the Middle Ages in the thirteenth century,

submerging Europe to the "Dark Ages" the roman laws

were almost forgotten and strongly rev ived only during the

Renaissance and Reformation and on to the Eighteenth

and nineteenth centuries.

"Act of the Punishment of Roque, Vagabonds and sturdy

Beggars" (1597) Bridewell Institution

Law that was enacted during the reign of King

Henry VII (1509-1947) under his daughter Elizabeth I. It

mandates that beggars should be return to their birth

place, kept in jail or house of correction until they could be

put to work. These became later the basis of transportation

of criminals beyond the seas, as an alternative to corporal

punishment.

The Former Royal Palace of Bridewell, London (1557)

Was the first work house for "poor and idle

people". 1602, Elizabeth I proclaimed that those prisoners

who are not conv icted of murder, rape or burglary be sent

to the Galleys to work as slav e or oarsman to row naval

v essel and may ev en yield some profit out of their

punishment.

In 1703 - Pope Clement has Hospice de San Michelle in

Rome. The prisoners were classified according to their age

and crime they had committed. This placed was designed

for incorrigible youths under 20 years of age and on top of

their doors an inscriptions is written which reads, - " It is

insufficient to restrain the wicked by punishment unless you

render them virtuous by corrective discipline." At night they

pray and sleep on separate cells for repentance but at day

time work in a large central hall isolation, solitary work in the

cells, bread and water diet, floggings and the black hole

were some of the punishment, In 1735 Clement XII

established an institution for woman based on the work of

John Howard.

In 1773, John Howard (1726-1790) (High Sheriff of

Bedfordshire)

As a young man he trav eled to Europe hoping to

help in the relief of Lisbon after the disastrous earthquake of

1755. He was captured by the French and was held prisoner

for two months in conditions of great barbarity. Lucky he

was returned to England as exchange prisoner. Having

been influenced by Beccaria and through his own

experience he wrote a book entitled " The State of the

Prisons in England and Wales" which makes him known as

one of the greatest prison reformer.

18th Century

Considered to be one of the most brutal ages for

punishing criminals. A combination of the Old and New

system. Flogging was the most popular method of corporal

punishment. Hanging is publicly done just like a scenario in

a carniv al where the phrase gala day, gala occasion was

derived from the word gallaome.

1718 - Punishment and transportation of criminals from

England to America became a practice although it was

abruptly halt in 1778 due to American Rev olution leading

England to div ert her conv icts to Australia and New

Zealand.

Mid of the 19th Century (1875)- Transportation system was

finally abandoned but over 135,000 felons had been sent to

Australia and New Zealand.

Old "Hulk"- (Abandoned and unsuitable transport ships) =

was conv erted as prison in order to ease the congestion in

prison. But this resulted into a more degrading life for both

prisoners and guards to the point that they call is the

"floating hell". This ev en last for 85 years and no

segregation was made between youth, man and woman.

Later part of the 18th Century - Considered as the great

transition and also known as the "Age of Reason or Age of

Enlightenment" Baron de Montesquieu and Voltaire, took

activ e part in making reforms in criminal law and procedure

by stimulating the crusading zeal of an Italian Philosopher

named Cesare Becarria. (BOARD QUESTION)

1870 to 1880 - The Golden Age of Penology (BOARD

QUESTION)

"On Crimes and Punishment, 1764" - Becarria's great

contribution to correction/penal system. A direct result of

protest ov er cruelties and inequalities of the law and the

courts. Its essential principles are follows:

The basis of all social action must be the Utilitarian

concept, with emphasis on behavior that must be

useful, purposeful and reasonable.

Crime must be considered an injury to the society and

its extent should be rationally measured.

Prev ention of crime is more important than punishment

for crime.

Secret Accusation and torture should be abolished as

a part of criminal procedure. Speedy trial should be

promoted and accused should be treated humanely

before trial.

Punishment is justifiable only on the supposition that it

helps deter a person from committing a crime. No

capital punishment. Life Imprisonment is a better

deterrent. Banishment is an excellent punishment for

crimes against state. Crimes against property should

be punished by fine or imprisonment only when the

person is incapable of paying the fine. Capital

punishment is irreparable and hence no provision for

possible mistakes and the desirability or later reflection.

Imprisonment should be more widely employed but its

mode of applications should be greatly through

prov iding better physical quarters and by separating

and classifying the prisoners into age, sex and degree

of criminality.

Jeremy Bentham -

o

"Greatest Happiness Principle" and

o

Hedonistic calculus (Felicific Calculus)

o

Utilitarianism

o

further dev eloped the Classical School of

Criminology/Penology,

o

student of Beccaria

o

The concept of pain and pleasure.

o

He also designed the Panoptican Prison

He saw punishment into four (4) objectives:

a. To prev ent all offenses , if possible

b. If a person chooses to commit an offense,

punishment will persuade him to commit a less

rather a more serious one;

c. When a person made up his mind to commit a

particular offense, punishment will disposes him to

do more mischief than is necessary to his

purposes;

d. To prev ent the crime at as cheap a rate as

possible.

William Penns -"The Great Law" of the Pennsylvania Tuakers,

prov iding more human treatment of offender. He is also

responsible to the abolition of death penalty.

The two rival prison

Auburn System (1819)- Confinement of the prisoners in a

single cell at night and congregate work in shops during the

day. (Adopted by United States).

Pennsylvania System (1829) - Confinement of prisoners in

their own cells day and night (adopted by European

Countries).

Both Auburn and Pennsylvania observe complete silence

Mariel Montesinos - (Director of the Prisons of Valencia,

Spain in 1835) div ided prisoners into companies and appointed a prisoners a petty officer in charge. Academic

classes of one hour a day more giv en all inmates under 20

years of age.

Domets (France) - Established agricultural colony for

delinquent boys in 1839 focus on re-education. Once

discharged, the boys placed under the superv ision of a

patron.