Guiding Question: How does hate speech impact freedom of expression and communication in society?

Investigate possible answers by looking to scholarly articles, chapters, and books and potentially also to popular/media coverage (articles in news journals/magazines like The Atlantic or Harpers or The New York Times) that appear promising.

The task is to use the sources and explain how they answer the guiding question above, or what they say about it.

The answer to the question should be specific based on what the source is saying. Paraphrases/opinions are ok as well in interpreting it.

Here are a few sources to consider:

Waldron, Jeremy. The Harm in Hate Speech. Harvard University Press, 2012,https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674065086

DOWNING, JOHN D. H. "Hate Speech' and 'First Amendment Absolutism' Discourses in the US." Discourse & Society, vol. 10, no. 2, 1999, pp. 175-89,https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002003

Gingras, A.-M. (2018). Freedom of Expression, Entertainment, Hate Speech, and Defamation: Where Do We Draw the Line? In The Unfulfilled Promise of Press Freedom in Canada (pp. 84-98). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487510848-007