Having difficulty sleeping is not uncommon. While most difficulty sleeping will result in fatigue, not all sleep-related issues result in daytime distress and impairment. How can we effectively facilitate differential diagnosis of normal-range sleep-wake complaints from disordered sleep behavior and disturbances? What types of tests and assessment procedures are used to gain a clearer diagnosis of the sleep-related dysnfucntions and when is referral to a sleep specialist appropriate for further assessment and treatment planning?