Having difficulty understanding 2-tailed T-test results. Given the following data from the results of students taking the Transcultural Efficacy Test (a Likert test with scores ranging from 0-10, final score is the mean of all points), please explain all parameters in laymans terms. What is t and how was it derived? what is sig and how was it derived? Exactly what is a two-tailed Paired vs a two-tailed independent t-test?

Mean Scores

MidWest 1 (N = 8) Pretest 3.5 - Posttest 3.9

MidWest 2 (N = 12) Pretest 3.2 - Posttest 4.0

Paired (Pretest-Posttest) T-test Results (2-tailed)

Total Sample |t| = 5.398 sig. = 0.000

Midwest 1 |t| = 2.463 sig. = 0.057

Midwest 2 |t| = 5.005 sig. = 0.000

Independent (MidWest 1 v. MidWest 2) T-Test Results (2-tailed)

Pretest |t| = 0.946 sig. = 0.467 ( variances)

Posttest |t| = 0.510 sig. = 0.618 ( variances)