Hello Jamie, I like how clearly you explained the difference between the two chi-square tests. To put it in simple terms, the goodness-of-fit test looks at one variable to see if what we actually observe matches what we expected. The test for independence looks at two variables to see if they're connected or influence each other. In my world at the hotel, I might use a goodness-of-fit test to see if guest breakfast choices line up with brand expectations. For example, if the brand expects 30% of guests to choose hot items, 25% fruit/yogurt, 25% pastries, and 20% cereal, I could test if the real numbers still match that pattern. If not, maybe the setup or menu needs to be adjusted. For a test of independence, I could check if the type of guest (business or leisure) is related to the kind of complaints we get (room readiness, noise, billing, etc.). That would help identify patterns we could fix through scheduling or staffing. Basically, one test checks for fit, how well our data matches expectations, and the other checks for relationships between categories. Alvin