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Lab Assignment #2: Claims and Validities IMPORTANT. Be sure to carefully read each question and address all parts! PART 1: Identifying Claims 1. The following headlines appeared in online news sources. Indicate whether the claim is frequency, association, or causal . Hint: When deciding between association and causal claims, focus on the verb phrases (see Table 3.4). a. causal b. c. d. c. Want a higher GPA? Go to a private college Instagram could predict depression, new research suggests. 24% of teens report that they are online almost constantly, Happier families are more likely to put kids to bed early Music lessons boost children's IQ. Obesity rates hit new high in United States Smiling may lower your heart rate. Many students don't know when news is fake. Facebook users tend to have worse grades in college Pregnant mothers' heartburn leads to hairicr newborns, f B h i. j 2. Pick 2 causal claims from above and complete the following table: Claim (Indicate letter from above) What are the How could the IV be How could the DV be independent and manipulated in order to measured? Be very clear and dependent variables Warrant a causal claim? precise with your operational in the claim? (stated Specify its levels. Be very definition. For example, how at the conceptual clear and precise with your exactly is heart rate being level). Be sure you operational definition. (Note: measured? are stating the The researchers may not have variable, not just actually done this. Many of one of its levels the causal claims above might not be warranted.) IV: Type of college Randomly assign participants Obtain participants to attend either Chapman transcripts and record their DV: GPA University (a private college) GPA after completing one or Cal State Fullerton (a academic year public college) for one . WIGG 2. Pick 2 causal claims from above and complete the following table: Claim (Indicate letter from above) What are the How could the IV be How could the DV be independent and manipulated in order to measured? Be very clear and dependent variables warrant a causal claim? precise with your operational in the claim? (stated Specify its levels. Be very definition. For example, how at the conceptual clear and precise with your exactly is heart rate being level). Be sure you operational definition. (Note: measured? are stating the The researchers may not have variable, not just actually done this. Many of one of its levels. the causal claims above might not be warranted.) IV: Type of college Randomly assign participants Obtain participants to attend either Chapman transcripts and record their DV: GPA University (a private college) GPA after completing one or Cal State Fullerton (a academic year. public college) for one academic year IV: DV: IV: DV: 3d Page Insert Table Chart Text Shape Media Comment PART IT: Create and Evaluate 1. You may have heard that spreading out your studying over several sessions (distributed studying) helps you retain the information longer than if you cram your studying into a single session. How could you design an experiment to test this claim? What are the independent and dependent variables in terms of their operational definitions? Specify the levels of the IV (Remember: There is a distinction between a variable and what its levels are). Be sure to discuss procedures that you would use to control other variables (e.g., participant characteristics, other design, situation, or environment variables), a) Describe the design of your experiment. For example, do you create different groups of participants? What would they experience? Be sure to outline the number of study sessions, when they occur, and the length of time of each session. How would you obtain your data (what would your data be)? b) Independent Variable (on a conceptual level): c) Levels of the IV (in terms of specific operational definition); d) Dependent Variable (on a conceptual level) e) Dependent Variable in terms of specific operational definition): 1) List at least four extraneous variables that you would want to control and how you could accomplish that. Please consider participant, design, and situation/environment variables. Remember: When designing your experiment, the only variable that should differ between your groups is the independent variable. All other variables should be controlled. Extraneous variable to control How this variable could be controlled Gender identity of participants Controlled using random assignment which should evenly distribute gender identities between the two groups. Difficulty of'test Controlled by using the exact same test for both groups. 2. How could your experiment falfill the three criteria for causation! Be specifio. After specifying each criterion, discuss how it would be satisfied according to your design and hypothetical results (Hint: See Table 3.7 for the general criteria, but he specific in your awer below) Name of criterion How would the criterion be satisfied! Criterion Criterion 2 Criterion 3 3. How could we interrogate your causal claim in terms of the four big validities discussed in class? Listeach validity and write a specific question that could be asked for each (Hint: See Table 36 for examples of questions and remember that we are trying to make a causal claim so look at the last column). Don't worry about answering the questions Name of Validity Specific question that can be asked Validity : Validity 12: Validity of 3 Validity 4 Lab Assignment #2: Claims and Validities IMPORTANT. Be sure to carefully read each question and address all parts! PART 1: Identifying Claims 1. The following headlines appeared in online news sources. Indicate whether the claim is frequency, association, or causal . Hint: When deciding between association and causal claims, focus on the verb phrases (see Table 3.4). a. causal b. c. d. c. Want a higher GPA? Go to a private college Instagram could predict depression, new research suggests. 24% of teens report that they are online almost constantly, Happier families are more likely to put kids to bed early Music lessons boost children's IQ. Obesity rates hit new high in United States Smiling may lower your heart rate. Many students don't know when news is fake. Facebook users tend to have worse grades in college Pregnant mothers' heartburn leads to hairicr newborns, f B h i. j 2. Pick 2 causal claims from above and complete the following table: Claim (Indicate letter from above) What are the How could the IV be How could the DV be independent and manipulated in order to measured? Be very clear and dependent variables Warrant a causal claim? precise with your operational in the claim? (stated Specify its levels. Be very definition. For example, how at the conceptual clear and precise with your exactly is heart rate being level). Be sure you operational definition. (Note: measured? are stating the The researchers may not have variable, not just actually done this. Many of one of its levels the causal claims above might not be warranted.) IV: Type of college Randomly assign participants Obtain participants to attend either Chapman transcripts and record their DV: GPA University (a private college) GPA after completing one or Cal State Fullerton (a academic year public college) for one . WIGG 2. Pick 2 causal claims from above and complete the following table: Claim (Indicate letter from above) What are the How could the IV be How could the DV be independent and manipulated in order to measured? Be very clear and dependent variables warrant a causal claim? precise with your operational in the claim? (stated Specify its levels. Be very definition. For example, how at the conceptual clear and precise with your exactly is heart rate being level). Be sure you operational definition. (Note: measured? are stating the The researchers may not have variable, not just actually done this. Many of one of its levels. the causal claims above might not be warranted.) IV: Type of college Randomly assign participants Obtain participants to attend either Chapman transcripts and record their DV: GPA University (a private college) GPA after completing one or Cal State Fullerton (a academic year. public college) for one academic year IV: DV: IV: DV: 3d Page Insert Table Chart Text Shape Media Comment PART IT: Create and Evaluate 1. You may have heard that spreading out your studying over several sessions (distributed studying) helps you retain the information longer than if you cram your studying into a single session. How could you design an experiment to test this claim? What are the independent and dependent variables in terms of their operational definitions? Specify the levels of the IV (Remember: There is a distinction between a variable and what its levels are). Be sure to discuss procedures that you would use to control other variables (e.g., participant characteristics, other design, situation, or environment variables), a) Describe the design of your experiment. For example, do you create different groups of participants? What would they experience? Be sure to outline the number of study sessions, when they occur, and the length of time of each session. How would you obtain your data (what would your data be)? b) Independent Variable (on a conceptual level): c) Levels of the IV (in terms of specific operational definition); d) Dependent Variable (on a conceptual level) e) Dependent Variable in terms of specific operational definition): 1) List at least four extraneous variables that you would want to control and how you could accomplish that. Please consider participant, design, and situation/environment variables. Remember: When designing your experiment, the only variable that should differ between your groups is the independent variable. All other variables should be controlled. Extraneous variable to control How this variable could be controlled Gender identity of participants Controlled using random assignment which should evenly distribute gender identities between the two groups. Difficulty of'test Controlled by using the exact same test for both groups. 2. How could your experiment falfill the three criteria for causation! Be specifio. After specifying each criterion, discuss how it would be satisfied according to your design and hypothetical results (Hint: See Table 3.7 for the general criteria, but he specific in your awer below) Name of criterion How would the criterion be satisfied! Criterion Criterion 2 Criterion 3 3. How could we interrogate your causal claim in terms of the four big validities discussed in class? Listeach validity and write a specific question that could be asked for each (Hint: See Table 36 for examples of questions and remember that we are trying to make a causal claim so look at the last column). Don't worry about answering the questions Name of Validity Specific question that can be asked Validity : Validity 12: Validity of 3 Validity 4