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explains the efficient exchanges that occur in which of the following systems of a fish?

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Ion exchange in marine fish involves ions in blood moving counter to sea water moving past gill lamellae. Diffusion of ions from blood to sea water keeps ion concentrations in the blood of marine fish at approximately $0\mathrm{.}9\%.$

Some large fish, like tuna, regulate body temperature using counter current heat exchange. Blood vessels carrying blood to external body regions are located next to blood vessels coming from external body regions. Heat is passed from blood flowing peripherally to blood returning to the body core. Less heat loss occurs through this counter current system.

Counter current exchange helps explain how gas is accumulated in the swim bladders of many fish. This counter current system involves secretion of oxygen into the gas gland. Oxygen then diffuses into the swim bladder.

Water passing through the gill chamber of a fish moves in the opposite direction to blood moving through capillaries in gill lamellae. This counter current can remove up to $85\%$ of the oxygen from the water: