Holtz$-$Eakin and Selden $(1995)$: Results: The study finds that the EKC hypothesis applies to CO$2$ emissions, where emissions peak at relatively high income levels. Methodology: The study used data from global panels to estimate the marginal propensity to emit $($MPE$)$ with rising GDP per capita. In the study of Holtz$-$Eakin and Selden $(1995),$ data from global panels were used to estimate the marginal propensity to emit $($MPE$)$ with rising GDP per capita. per capita GDP$.$ The results show that the environmental Kuznets curve $($EKC$)$ hypothesis applies to carbon dioxide emissions, as emissions peak at relatively high income levels. Comparison results with existing variables: Economic growth: As per capita GDP rises, the marginal propensity to emit decreases. $,$ which means that richer countries tend to emit less carbon dioxide per unit of GDP than poorer countries. Population growth: Population growth in low$-$income countries contributes significantly to increasing global emissions, as these countries have a high marginal propensity to emit. Technology and Policies: Technological advances and effective environmental policies in high$-$income countries help reduce emissions, supporting the EKC hypothesis. Therefore, the study confirms that economic growth can lead to environmental improvements after reaching a certain level of income, but this requires effective environmental policies and investments.Holtz$-$Eakin, D$.,$ & Selden, T$.$ M$.(1995).$ Stoking the fires? CO$2$ emissions and economic growth.$$Journal of public economics,$57(1),85-101.$Summary of the study Agriculture and environmental degradation in Africa: The role of income conducted by Ifedolapo O$.$ Olanipekun, Goodwin O$.$ Olasihinde$-$Williams, and Rashid O$.$ Alaw: Title: Agriculture and environmental degradation in Africa: The role of income Authors: Ifedolapo O$.$ Olanipekun, Goodwin O$.$ Olasihinde$-$Williams, and Rashid O$.$ Alaw Literary summary: This study explores the impact of agriculture on the environment in Africa, focusing on the role of income in this impact. Data from eleven countries in Central and West Africa for the period $1996$ to $2015$ were analyzed using pooled mean group $($PMG$),$ ensemble mean $($MG$),$ and augmented mean group $($AMG$)$ techniques. Key findings: The impact of agriculture and income on environmental degradation: The study found that agriculture and income individually increase environmental degradation. Interaction effect between income and agriculture: Higher income levels reduce the negative impact of agriculture on the environment. Use of renewable energy and improved regulations: Increased use of renewable energy and improved regulations reduce environmental degradation. Population growth: Population growth increases environmental degradation. Conclusion: The study concludes that unsustainable agricultural practices lead to environmental degradation, and that poverty alleviation can mitigate this impact. To solve the problem of environmental degradation, poverty must be addressed and income levels must be raised in environmentally friendly waysOlanipekun, I. O$.,$ Olasehinde$-$Williams, G$.$ O$.,$ & Alao, R$.$ O$.(2019).$ Agriculture and environmental degradation in Africa: The role of income.$$Science of the Total Environment,$692,60-67.$Here is the summary of the study Environmental Quality and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Fractional Cointegration Analysis conducted by Philip O$.$ Alig and Adeyemi A$.$ Ogendebe: Title: Environmental Quality and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Partial Integration Analysis Authors: Philip O$.$ Alig and Adeyemi A$.$ Ogendebe Literary summary: This study explores the relationship between environmental quality and economic growth in Nigeria using partial integration analysis for the period from $1970$ to $2011.$ The study aims to examine the impact of growth on environmental performance while controlling for the role of institutional quality, trade openness, and population density. Key findings:Early development and environmental degradation: The study found that the early stages of development in Nigeria increase the level of environmental degradation. Weak institutions and unrestricted trade openness: Weak institutions and unrestricted trade openness increase environmental degradation due to environmental dumping. Population density: High population density enhances the speed of taking measures to reduce pollution and raises awareness of the necessity of maintaining a clean environment. Lack of Environmental Kuznets Curve $($EKC$)$: The study was unable to reach a reasonable tipping point and therefore found no evidence of the existence of an Environmental Kuznets Curve in Nigeria. Recommendations: Restrict the import of high$-$emission products: The import of products that produce high carbon emissions should be restricted. Monitoring the activities of multinational companies: The activities of multinational companies that invest in producing goods with high emissions in developing countries and exporting them to home countries should be monitored. Enhancing institutional quality: Institutional quality must be enhanced to ensure adoption of clean technologies as incomes riseAlege, P$.$ O$.,$ & Ogundipe, A$.$ A$.(2013).$ Environmental quality and economic growth in Nigeria: A fractional cointegration analysis.$$International Journal of Development and Sustainability,$2(2),580-596.$Here is the summary of the study Investigating the nexus among transport, economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from panel ARDL approach conducted by Muhammad Shafiq, Anam Azam, Muhammad Rafiq, and Xiaowei Lu: Title: Investigating the relationship between transport, economic growth and environmental degradation: evidence from the ARDL tablet approach Authors: Muhammad Shafiq, Anam Azam, Muhammad Rafiq, and Xiaowei Lu Literary summary: This study aims to determine the relationship between transportation, economic growth, and environmental degradation in $10$ Asian economies with the highest CO$2$ emissions over the period $19952017$ using multivariate panel data analysis. The study includes the use of the Autoregressive Distributed Regression $($ARDL$)$ model to estimate the long$-$term relationship between variables. Key findings: The relationship between transportation and economic growth: The results of the causality test showed the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship between transportation and economic growth. The impact of transportation on environmental degradation: The results showed a unidirectional causal relationship between transportation and environmental degradation. Internal relationship between variables: The results showed that there is an internal relationship between transportation, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions, as environmental degradation is mainly affected by economic growth and the transportation sector. Conclusion: The study emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable transportation policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve environmental quality. The results provide a framework for policy makers to develop sustainable transportation strategies that enhance the safety and sustainability of future systemsShafique, M$.,$ Azam, A$.,$ Rafiq, M$.,$ & Luo, X$.(2021).$ Investigating the nexus among transport, economic growth and environmental degradation: Evidence from panel ARDL approach.$$Transport Policy,$109,61-71.$ Rewrite them as literature reviws and their references