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12. Product-focused production systems (assembly lines) have a number of characteristics. Which of the following is typically not a characteristic of product-focused production systems? a. low flexibility to design and volume changes b. high volume (output) levels c. use of general-purpose equipment d. low per-unit manufacturing costs e large investment in plant, equipment, and technology 13. Which of the following statements about the evolution of production process and product life cycles is false? a. The process evolution typically begins with flexible job-shop process and proceeds towards increasing product standardization, process mechanization, and automation b. Examining the interrelationship between product and process life cycles facilitates the understanding of the strategic Operations options available to a company. c. Companies may seek positions off the product life cycle and production process matrix diagonal to achieve a competitive advantage and a market niche. d. Companies that can move the farthest off the product life cycle and production process matrix diagonal are the most successful. 14. As noted in class, there are three types of flexibility. Which of the following is true regarding those three types of flexibility? a Product flexibility refers to the ability of existing products to meet a variety of customer needs. b. Process flexibility refers to the ability of existing products to be produced in a capital- intensive manner. c. Volume flexibility refers to the ability to operate profitably at varying output levels. d. A transformation process that possesses volume flexibility typically incurs large costs and time delays when attempting to alter capacity. e. Automotive firms typically possess a large degree of all three types of flexibility. 15. Ford Motor Company and Dell both use what form of production scheduling and inventory policy? a. Make-to-order b. Make-to-stock C. Assemble-to-order d. Service-based cellular scheduling e. Manufacturing-based cellular scheduling 16. Sustainability is often referred to as the "triple-bottom line" or the three P's." The "three P's" refer to: a. Price, Place, and Promotion b. Possibilities, Purpose, and Perfection c. Productivity, Positioning, and Profession d. People, Planet, and Profit e. Preside, Provide, and Protect