How can mechanical engineering principles be applied in the design and optimization of complex systems to enhance efficiency, durability, and performance while minimizing cost and environmental impact? Explore the theoretical underpinnings of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, materials science, and control theory in relation to mechanical engineering applications. Investigate how fundamental theories such as the laws of thermodynamics, conservation of mass and energy, and principles of fluid flow dynamics contribute to the analysis and design of mechanical systems. Consider how theoretical frameworks guide decision$-$making processes in areas such as machine design, manufacturing processes, robotics, and renewable energy systems.