How do BMPs regulate gene expression?

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a

They diffuse through the cell membrane and directly bind to DNA to activate gene expression

b

They diffuse through the cell membrane and directly bind to and activate a transcription factor

c

They bind and activate a pair of BMP receptors in the cell membrane which then phosphorylate and activate a cytoplasmic R$-$Smad which together with a co$-$Smad, access the nucleus and act as transcription factors

d

They bind to the Delta receptor which is then cleaved to release its intracellular domain which then acts as a transcription factor