Question: How do civil engineers design and construct tunnels to accommodate various transportation systems, such as roads, railways, and subways? What are the key considerations in

How do civil engineers design and construct tunnels to accommodate various transportation systems, such as roads, railways, and subways? What are the key considerations in tunnel alignment, excavation methods, and structural support systems to ensure safety and durability? How do engineers mitigate risks associated with tunneling in diverse geological conditions?

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