How do construction materials contribute to the thermal performance and energy efficiency of buildings in civil engineering? Discuss the role of insulation, thermal mass, and air sealing in reducing heat loss and improving indoor comfort. How can engineers use building materials with high thermal resistance, such as expanded polystyrene $($EPS$)$ and mineral wool, to meet energy codes and standards for sustainable construction? How do innovative materials, such as phase change materials $($PCMs$)$ and vacuum insulation panels $($VIPs$),$ enhance the thermal performance of buildings while minimizing environmental impact?