Question: How do engineers assess the risks associated with tunneling and design safe and efficient tunnel structures for transportation and utilities? What are the key considerations

How do engineers assess the risks associated with tunneling and design safe and efficient tunnel structures for transportation and utilities? What are the key considerations in tunnel alignment, excavation methods, and support systems, such as shotcrete, rock bolts, and tunnel lining? How do factors like ground conditions, groundwater inflow, and construction impacts influence the design and construction of tunnels?

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