Question: How do engineers design and construct underground tunnels to withstand various loads and environmental conditions? What are the key considerations for tunnel alignment, excavation methods,

How do engineers design and construct underground tunnels to withstand various loads and environmental conditions? What are the key considerations for tunnel alignment, excavation methods, and support systems, such as shotcrete, rock bolts, and steel ribs? How do engineers address challenges like groundwater inflow, ground settlement, and ventilation in tunnel construction?

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