How do traffic simulation models contribute to the analysis, optimization, and management of traffic flow, congestion, and transportation networks in civil engineering?

a$)$ By providing insights into the behavior of traffic under different scenarios, allowing engineers to optimize road design and traffic management strategies.

b$)$ By accurately predicting traffic patterns, enabling civil engineers to reduce congestion and improve overall transportation efficiency.

c$)$ By facilitating real$-$time traffic management through simulation$-$based decision$-$making tools, enhancing the effectiveness of traffic control measures.

d$)$ All of the above