How does the theory of structural analysis, encompassing methods such as finite element analysis, the stiffness matrix approach, and load and resistance factor design $($LRFD$),$ contribute to the development of safe and efficient civil engineering projects, including buildings, bridges, and tunnels, and what role do material properties, loading conditions $($static and dynamic$),$ and environmental factors $($such as temperature fluctuations, seismic activity, and wind loads$)$ play in the determination of the optimal design and construction methods for ensuring the durability, resilience, and sustainability of these structures throughout their expected service life?