How much would you have to invest today to receive: $($Use a Financial calculator to arrive at the answers. Round the final answers to the nearest whole dollar.$)$

a$.$ $$14,000$ in $14$ years at $13$ percent?

Present value $

b$.$ $$17,600$ in $18$ years at $6$ percent?

Present value $

c$.$ $$7,100$ each year for $12$ years at $14$ percent?

Present value $

d$.$ $$5,000$ each year, at the beginning, for $20$ years at $5$ percent?

Present value $

e$.$ $$58,000$ each year for $30$ years at $8$ percent?

Present value $

f$.$ $$58,000$ each year for $30$ years, at the beginning, at $8$ percent?

Present value $